PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) is a mental health condition that develops in some people after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. It is classified as a trauma- and stressor-related disorder in the DSM-5, characterised by intrusive memories, avoidance, hyperarousal, and negative changes in mood and thinking. PTSD can affect anyone and is not a sign of weakness.
PTSD is caused by exposure to a traumatic event, though not everyone who experiences trauma will develop the condition. Risk factors include prior trauma, a lack of social support, pre-existing mental health conditions, and the severity or duration of the traumatic experience. Research also points to biological changes, including cortisol dysregulation and heightened activity in the amygdala, as part of the mechanism behind PTSD. According to NICE, women are twice as likely as men to develop PTSD following trauma.
The symptoms of PTSD are grouped into four clusters under the DSM-5 framework:
- Re-experiencing: flashbacks, nightmares, and intrusive memories of the traumatic event
- Avoidance: steering clear of people, places, or thoughts connected to the trauma
- Hyperarousal: feeling constantly on edge, difficulty sleeping, or exaggerated startle responses
- Negative cognition and mood: persistent guilt, shame, emotional numbness, or detachment from others
- Physical symptoms: headaches, nausea, and chest tightness can also accompany the above
Without treatment, PTSD symptoms can persist for months or years. With evidence-based care, many people see meaningful improvement. NICE recommends trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) as first-line treatments. Rehab Clinic UK offers confidential referrals to trusted treatment centres across the UK where specialist support for PTSD and co-occurring addiction is available around the clock. If you or someone you care about is struggling, reaching out is a courageous and important first step on the path to recovery.
This content is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Please consult a qualified healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment.
